遥感干旱应用技术进展及面临的技术问题与发展机遇     

郭铌  王小平 《干旱气象》2015,(1):1-18

干旱是全球各地区普遍存在的一种气候现象,也是对人类社会影响最为严重的一种自然灾害。全球气候变化和社会发展加剧了干旱的影响程度,增强了干旱灾害的风险,给全球农业、水资源、生态环境安全以及社会可持续发展造成巨大威胁,提高干旱监测和早期预警技术水平是应对、管理干旱和减轻干旱脆弱性的基础。近30 a来随着全球对地观测技术的迅速发展,卫星遥感监测干旱技术取得很大进步,在全球干旱监测和早期预警中发挥着不可替代的作用。但是,干旱是多学科交叉的复杂问题,其发展过程缓慢、时间和空间表现特征差异很大,遥感监测干旱技术在应用中还存在许多技术问题,对抗旱防灾提供支撑的力度仍不够。本文在简要总结卫星遥感监测干旱应用技术的基础上,对各种指数(模型)应用中存在的问题进行评述,指出卫星遥感干旱监测面临的主要技术问题和未来发展机遇;针对我国卫星遥感干旱应用现状,提出了亟待解决的主要问题和应该努力的方向。  相似文献   

气候变化对中国农业旱灾损失率的影响及其南北区域差异性   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

张强  韩兰英  郝小翠  韩涛  贾建英  林婧婧 《气象学报》2015,73(6):1092-1103

在全球变暖背景下,干旱灾害对中国农业生产的影响日益严重,然而由于旱灾损失的复杂性及其显著的区域差异,至今对中国农业旱灾损失规律及其影响机制的认识十分有限。文中利用1961年以来中国农业干旱灾害的灾情资料和常规气象资料,系统分析了近50年来中国农业干旱灾害不同受灾强度分布比率和综合损失率等指标的变化趋势及其在北方和南方的区域差异,研究了20世纪90年代的气温突变对农业旱灾损失率的影响特征,探讨了农业旱灾综合损失率对气温和降水等气候要素变化的依赖关系及其在气候空间的分布特征。结果发现,在气候变化背景下,近50年来中国农业旱灾综合损失率平均每10 a约增加0.5%,风险明显增大。而且,北方综合损失率每10 a约增加0.6%,高出南方1倍,风险增大的速度明显比南方快;北方农业旱灾几乎在很宽松的气温条件下就可以发生,而南方更多发生在气温较高的年份。并且,在气温突变后,变化趋势明显加剧,全中国综合损失率约增加了0.9%,风险明显增高;而且北方综合损失率的增值高达1.8%,是南方的4倍还多,气候突变对北方农业旱灾风险的影响明显比南方更凸出。综合损失率在北方对降水变化的响应要更敏感,而在南方对气温变化的响应更敏感。同时,关键影响期降水对综合损失率的影响比全年降水影响更显著;北方的关键影响期作用比南方更凸出。这些新的科学认识对中国农业旱灾防御具有重要意义。  相似文献   

春季内蒙古草原典型晴天与沙尘条件下湍流速度统计特征对比分析   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

岳平  张强  牛生杰  杨金虎  王胜  张建忠  刘秀兰 《高原气象》2011,30(5):1180-1188

利用2008年春季内蒙古草原地区近地层通量观测资料,分析了典型晴天和沙尘天气条件下湍流统计特征。结果表明,当大气层结不稳定时,晴天和沙尘天气期间无量纲水平风速分量标准差和垂直速度标准差均遵循M-O相似性规律,无量纲水平风速分量标准差和垂直速度标准差与稳定度之间满足1/3幂次规律;中性条件下,晴天和沙尘天气期间无量纲速度...  相似文献   

Impact of the variation of westerly jets over East Asia on precipitation of eastern China in July     

LiNa Dong  PinWen Guo  PengXiang Wang  Li Qi 《寒旱区科学》2011,3(5):0408-0418

The impact of the northward jump and westward movement of the East Asian westerly jet core from the western Pacific Ocean to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau on precipitation distribution of eastern China is studied. It is concluded that on the one hand, the northward jump of the jet causes the precipitation belt to move northward from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River valley and withdraw during the Mei-yu season; on the other hand, the westward movement of the jet core has no correspondence with withdrawal of the Mei-yu season. However, the earlier or later occurrence of the westward movement of the jet has an influence on the process of the rain belt moving northward than the northward jump of the jet: the rain belt moves northward from the middle-lower Yangtze River valley to the Huaihe River and then to an area between the Yellow River and Huaihe River during years when the time of the westward movement of the jet core is later than that of the northward jump of the jet and from the middle-lower Yangtze River valley to an area between the Yellow River and Huaihe River in other years. Further analysis shows that: (1) The northward jump of the jet and the westward movement of the East Asian westerly jet core causes significant variation of the general atmospheric circulation in middle latitudes and water vapor transport from the western Pacific, but not from the Bay of Bengal. (2) Impact of the northward jump and the westward movement of the East Asian westerly jet core on circulation are different, therefore, water vapor transport from the western Pacific and its impact on the rain belt are different. The earlier or later occurrence of the westward movement of the jet core than the northward jump of the jet causes the process of circulation and water vapor transport to be different which produces a different process of the rain belt moving northward.  相似文献   

Dynamic Relationship Between Entrainment Rate and Summer Monsoon in the Transition Area of Monsoon in the East of Northwest China     

Yanying Li  Ying Cai  Chunyan Zhang  Ting Zeng  Jiping Yang 《地球科学进展》2019,34(12):1316-1327

Entrainment rate refers to the ratio of surrounding air quality to air quality involved in rising unit distance, including turbulent entrainment and dynamic entrainment, which are applied to the boundary layer parametrization of convective clouds, the improvement of numerical model, the observation of cloud droplet spectral dispersion and the study of tropical cyclones.Based on the daily data at 07:00 and 19:00 every 10 m of five stations such as Minqin, Yuchong, Pingliang, Yinchuan and Yan'an from May to September during 2006-2016, combined with the daily observation data on the ground, the Entrainment Rates(ER) of different heights were calculated, and the relationships between ER and height in different regions, precipitation as well as monsoon during the monsoon period were further obtained. The main results were as follows:\mathrm{①} The ER was proportional to air temperature and saturated water vapor pressure, but inversely proportional to relative humidity. The relative humidity threshold of cloud was 65%. The higher the relative humidity threshold was, the lower the cloud height of different orders of precipitation was, and the cloud height was higher with the increase of rainfall. \mathrm{②}ER had obvious diurnal changes and regional differences: It was obviously smaller at 07:00 than at 19:00 from ground to 3 km, which weakened with the increase of height in the near surface , but strengthened with the increase of height above 500 m; From small to large, the monsoon affected area, the monsoon swing area and the non-monsoon area were in turn, and there was no regional difference above 3 km. \mathrm{③} ER was closely related to the intensity and property of precipitation in monsoon period. The ER weakened with the enhancement of rain intensity from near ground to below 600 m, but strengthened with the enhancement of rain intensity from 500 m to 2~3 km.From near ground to below 700 m, the ER of stable precipitation was strong, but that of convective precipitation was strong above 700 m. The convective precipitation had big saturated water vapor pressure and strong ER , while the stable precipitation had big saturated water vapor density, rich water vapor but weak ER. \mathrm{④}The relationship between ER and monsoon as well as its duration: From no monsoon to monsoon ER was weakened, the strongest maximum height was also decreasing. There was no significant difference in the duration of ER between the non-monsoon area and the monsoon affected area, but the longer the monsoon swing area lasted in the near ground layer, the smaller the ER was, while the opposite was at 1~2 km in the high altitude. \mathrm{⑤}The relationship between ER and the APO monsoon intensity index showed that: At 07:00, the ER strengthened with height from near ground to below 800 m, but weakened with height above 800 m,and the monsoon intensity was not related to the ER. At 19:00, the ER strengthened with the height near ground but weakened with the height above 300 m, and the stronger the monsoon was, the smaller the ER was. The ER weakened with the decrease of boundary layer height.  相似文献   

中国西北地区旱涝年南亚高压异常特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张宇  李耀辉  王式功  刘抗 《中国沙漠》2014,34(2):535-541

利用1961年1月1日至2010年12月31日NCEP/NCAR再分析数据和站点观测资料,统计分析表明：中国西北区域重旱年典型特征为3、4月南亚高压中心均出现偏西约40°;偏旱年典型特征为3月至4月出现中心位置西移之后东撤,4月至5月出现西移,或4月偏东40°;偏涝年典型特征为7月至8月东西振荡幅度大;西北区域多雨年典型特征为5月中心位置位于孟加拉湾海域,9月明显出现南亚高压东部型,12月位置偏西40°。面积距平最明显的特征是重旱年、偏旱年南亚高压面积偏小,偏涝年、多雨年南亚高压面积偏大,同样也可以看到重旱年4月南亚高亚异常特征十分明显。强度和面积与西北区域降水很好的相关性主要存在于2—4月。  相似文献   

气候变化对祁连山北坡农林牧业结构的影响与对策研究   总被引：21，自引：7，他引：14  

邓振镛  王鹤龄  王润元  张宇飞  刘德祥  徐金芳  张谋草 《中国沙漠》2008,28(2):381-187

揭示了气候持续变暖是祁连山北坡现代气候变化的基本特征。1986年是气候发生明显转折的年份,1987—2003年的平均气温比1961—1986年升高0.8℃,≥0℃积温和≥10℃积温增加142℃和131℃,呈线性上升趋势;降水量平均增加7.5 mm,呈曲线缓慢增多趋势。由于气候变暖,使农作物适生种植区和作物种植上限高度不同程度的提高,其中喜热棉花、喜温玉米和喜凉甘蓝型油菜分别提高100 m左右、150 m左右和200 m左右,种植面积迅速扩大,呈直线上升趋势。依据农业气候生态资源垂直分布特征和15种主要作物气候生态适生种植区以及农林牧业结构布局特点,采用气候生态相似原理,将祁连山北坡大体分为5个农林牧业气候生态区,建议性提出各区农林牧业结构的比重以及夏粮、秋粮、经济作物和饲草的种植比例,并阐明了各区未来主要发展方向。  相似文献   

甘肃天水地区45a来强降水与洪涝灾害特征分析   总被引：9，自引：4，他引：5  

郭慧  黄涛  邓茂芝  沈永平  孙兰东  黄进  林纾  陶健红  把多辉  王小燕 《冰川冻土》2007,29(5):808-812

洪涝灾害是一种常见的自然灾害,对农业生产和人民生活有极大的影响.通过对甘肃天水地区强降水和洪涝灾害事件资料的整理,对其强降水事件、洪涝灾害变化特征以及二者间地联系进行了分析研究.现有资料统计显示,天水地区没出现过整个区域性洪涝灾害,以局地洪涝灾害为主,强降水事件和洪涝灾害具有显著的年代际和季节性变化特征.由于当地的土地蓄水性能很差,一般性的强降水就可能会产生洪涝灾害.随着气候变暖,这一地区的强降水事件和洪涝灾害呈增加趋势,建议当前应加强对局地强降水事件的防范工作.  相似文献   

陇东黄土高原下垫面不均匀性指标的建立及其对大孔径闪烁仪(LAS)观测感热通量的影响          下载免费PDF全文

郝小翠  张强  杨泽粟 《地球物理学报》2016,59(3):816-827

目前定量研究下垫面不均匀性对大孔径闪烁仪(LAS)、涡动相关仪(ECS)观测感热通量差异的影响还比较少.本文利用黄土高原庆阳观测站2012年6、7月典型晴天两主风向范围E-SE和SW-W的陆面过程数据,在建立了下垫面不均匀性定量化指标的基础上,分析了下垫面不均匀性与地表温度变率的关系及其对LAS、ECS观测感热通量差异的影响.结果表明:庆阳站下垫面不均匀性大小η和地表温度变率г具有很好的相关性,相关系数达到0.566以上,证明了新建立指标的合理性.下垫面不均匀性大小η和LAS、ECS观测的感热通量差异HLAS-HECS具有很好的一致性,相关系数达到0.634.下垫面不均匀性对LAS和ECS的感热通量差异影响显著,下垫面越不均匀LAS和ECS测量的感热通量差异越大.对两主风向分别进行分析,在E-SE风向范围η和HLAS-HECS的相关系数为0.430,HLAS和HEC拟合的线性趋势系数为1.279,在SW-W风向范围η和HLAS-HECS的相关系数为0.680,HLAS和HEC拟合的线性趋势系数为1.297.下垫面不均匀性的影响程度越大,LAS和ECS观测的感热通量差异越大.  相似文献   

基于GIS技术的甘肃省气温空间分布特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

蒋友严  黄进 《干旱气象》2013,(1):206-211

利用40 a气象站气温观测数据,结合GIS技术,建立甘肃省气温空间化模型,以高分辨率的DEM作为模型的输入参数实现气温数据的空间化,同时与传统的气温内插方法 (反距离加权法(IDW)、克里格(Kriging)、协同克里格(Co-Kriging))的插值结果进行比较分析,结果反映利用多元回归分析+克里格方法建立的气温数据栅格化结果较好,比传统的气温内插方法插值精度高,插值结果很好的再现了原始测量结果。  相似文献